During the ages of 3 to 5, children experience rapid growth in executive function and self-regulation skills. Activities should be adjusted according to each child’s abilities. Younger children need more guidance with rules and structure, while older children may demonstrate more independence. The goal is to gradually decrease adult guidance, allowing children to develop autonomy.

Imaginative Play

In imaginative play, children take on roles, create rules, and act accordingly, controlling impulses to stay “in character.” Often drawing from real-life experiences, like a doctor’s visit, they engage in complex scenarios where one child acts as the “doctor” (speaking calmly and reassuringly), while another might be a “patient” (acting scared or sad). Children aged 3-5 learn to play together and regulate each other’s behaviors, which is a significant step in developing self-regulation.

Ways to support high-quality imaginative play:
• Provide context through books, trips, or videos to help children understand scenarios and roles.
• Offer a variety of props to encourage this type of play. Younger children may need realistic props, while older children can use everyday objects creatively.
• Encourage children to create their own props, which helps them practice selective attention, working memory, and planning.
• Organize play by making play plans where children decide who they’ll be and what they’ll do before starting, helping them think first, then act, and developing impulse control.

Storytelling

Children enjoy creating and sharing stories, which helps them manage working memory by holding information in mind and organizing it.
• Group storytelling: One child starts a story, and each child adds to it. They need to listen, think of an addition, and adjust to the narrative, which promotes attention, working memory, and self-control.
• Acting out stories: A story’s structure guides actions and requires children to follow along rather than create new scenarios.
• Bilingual storytelling: In bilingual families, storytelling in both languages benefits executive function skills.

Movement Challenges: Songs and Games

Movement and rhythm games aid executive function development as children match words to movements and music. As children’s self-regulation skills grow, increase the complexity of songs and games to maintain interest.
• Offer physical challenges with climbing structures, balance activities, and obstacles to encourage children to focus, control actions, and adjust to achieve goals.
• Encourage calmer activities that require reduced stimulation and focused attention, such as balancing or yoga poses.
• Introduce music with varied tempo: Have children dance fast and slow, or “freeze” in specific poses when the music stops.
• Songs with repetitive sequences that add to previous parts are also great for working memory.

Quiet Games and Other Activities

Sorting and matching activities remain fun, but now you can ask children to sort items by multiple rules (e.g., first by color, then by shape), which fosters cognitive flexibility.
• Play games with changing rules, like sorting differently with each round, or bingo with opposites (if the leader says “day,” the child marks “night”).
• Introduce increasingly complex puzzles to train visual working memory and planning.
• Cooking together is an enjoyable way for children to practice waiting for instructions, remembering steps, and focusing on measurement.

Prepared based on Harvard University’s Center on the Developing Child publication.